Airport Privatization Essay - 863 Words

Airports are key enhancers of commerce and trade; they generate massive transportation and key economic benefits (Vasigh, 2007). Privatization of airports relates to transfer of ownership of airport from public ownership sector to private ownership (Jobs Consultancy, 2007). Privatization process aims at increasing of efficiency, competitiveness and viable financing of airports. Considerations on whether to privatize an airport are made by governments and the decision has a long-term impact that follows (Jobs Consultancy, 2007). A complete and thorough review of the decision is made for a government to come up with a decision whether to privatize an airport or not. The complete review is necessary to ensure the decision is viable†¦show more content†¦United Kingdom has been privatizing its airports either fully or partially depending on the agreement made. British Airport Authority operates its own airports and its prices are regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) to gether with the government and the competition commission. The CAA also regulates all the aspects of both security and safety. British Airways Authorities owns and operates all its airports and it is responsible for all the activities of airline services. In the UK, the government of Mrs. Thatcher decided to transfer ownership of airports to the private sector, whereby British Airports Authority (BBA), United Kingdom’s main airport provider, was privatized through issuing a public share to the interested parties in 1987. The airports privatized included London Heathrow together with London Gatwick (Adam Smith Institute, 2002). Apart from the privatization of BBA in the United Kingdom, smaller and minor airports that were operated and owned by the government authorities are also being sold to private owners and operators. These smaller airports include Birmingham International, Luton, East Midlands and Bristol. United Kingdom has continued privatizing its airports since 1987 since its government feels that it has no good reason for either owning or operating an airport. However, there has been a world-wide trend where airports are viewed as national prestige symbols in some countries (Adam Smith Institute, 2002). The government decided toShow MoreRelatedPrivatization of Airports750 Words   |  3 PagesPRIVATIZATION OF AIRPORTS Conceptual Understanding of the term ‘Privatization’ ‘Privatization’ is a generally a process through which the ownership and control of a government entity is transferred to a private entity. The transfer can be either in whole or partial. Different connotations of the term ‘privatization’ as enumerated in various articles and journals are as follows : 1. Movement of an entity from the federal government to a local or quasi-governmental agency where a private sectorRead MoreAirport Privatization 21980 Words   |  8 PagesAirport Privatization: Introduction: Airport plays a key role of air transport; it has a big impact on development of economics in a country. Freight passengers and cargo to any part of the world and it allows aircraft to land and take off. An airport has to have a proper infrastructure, which consists of runaways, taxiways, apron, terminal for arrival and departure of passengers, terminal for freight and ground interchange. It should have a wide range of facilities; lounge for passengers, shopsRead MoreBenefits Of Airline And Airport Privatization1971 Words   |  8 Pagesturbulence and uncertainty in this increasingly low margin market. Although separate entities, airlines and airports are interdependent and could not operate without the other. A major consequence of deregulation is airline concentration and strong economic drivers are pushing towards even further concentration and consolidation (Doganis, 2006). UK airport regulation was reformed with airport privatisation, enabling a long term focus to meet international demand and to maintain a customer focused businessRead MorePrivatization, Commercialization and Deregulation of Airports1795 Words   |  8 PagesTOPIC: Privatization, commercialization and deregulation of airports – incentives for airport to compete and maximize profits. Increasing importance of airport concession revenue – affects performance of different airport regulations, and leads to evolving vertical relationships. As competition in the airline market intensifies, airport-airline relationship becomes increasingly important. Discuss the impacts of airports on airline competition – focus on airport performance and airline-airport relationshipRead MorePrivatization Of Public Service Privatization1039 Words   |  5 PagesBecause governments found that they can not afford their varying brands of socialism in most of countries, privatization has been popular in the last decades. Public service privatization is the progress to transfer the public service, which is owned by governments, to the private firms whatever it is a profit or non-profit firms. As concerned, privatization can provide a lower price to public and more efficient services from privatised companies. However, it will also create some problems such asRead MoreBuilding A Project For Public Welfare2166 Words   |  9 Pagespartnerships. Typically, the PPP can be referred neither a privatization not a partial privatization. Privatization has usually been defined as a course of shifting the ownership, functioning or management of a service or action wholly or partly, from the government to the private sector. The key difference between the PPP and privatization is that the responsibility for delivery and backing a particular activity lies with the private sector in privatization. The PPP, on the other hand, involves full retentionRead MoreAirline Industry1221 Words   |  5 Pagesprofit of $9 billion in 2011. After the recent credit crunch, economies are now coming back to normal, business travel is increasing and investments in the airlines are now rising. Political/Legal influences Privatization Over the years airlines have undergone large-scale privatization; previously a significant portion of airlines industry was government-owned. Privatizing the industry has led to drastic increase in the number of air service providers and the airline travellers. Legal provision Read More Airline Deregulation Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pagesand routes. But various municipalities still retain ownership over airports. Given the massive improvements in the airlines since dergulation, why not apply this same thinking to airport ownership? The results should only be more of the same: better service, cheaper prices, and more market freedom. But the legislation winding its way through the legislative maze that is Congress does anything but move towards increased privatization. S. 1331, sponsored by Senator John McCain (R-AZ), would make itRead MoreAirline Deregulation1054 Words   |  5 Pagesroutes. But various municipalities still retain ownership over airports. Given the massive improvements in the airlines since dergulation, why not apply this same thinking to airport ownership? The results should only be more of the same: better service, cheaper prices, and more market freedom. But the legislation winding its way through the legislative maze that is Congress does anything but move towards increased privatization. S. 1331, sponsored by Senator John McCain (R-AZ), would make itRead MoreTransportation Service Administration and Aviation1387 Words   |  6 Pagessecurity acts and the creation of TSA, what does that mean? Prior to November, 2001, airport security was contracted by either the airport or the airlines to the private sector. The Aviation and Transportation Security Act required all airport security personnel be employed by the federal government. (Rahn, 2001) Was it necessary for the federal government to federalize airport security? The debate for privatization suggests that the functions of entire bureaucracies should be contracted out to private

Depilacion Masculina Free Essays

Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico Recinto Bayamon Bienestar y Calidad de Vida La depilacion Masculina Alexander Rosa Rosa Y00224459 Bienestar y Calidad de Vida EGEF 3000 Prof. Carlos J. Santiago Bibiloni Introduccion La depilacion masculina es un tema que hoy puede abordarse sin problema, con total confianza. We will write a custom essay sample on Depilacion Masculina or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cada vez son mas los hombres que acuden a este tipo de proceso ya sea por razones esteticas, higiene o deportivas. No obstante hay diferentes tipos de depilacion, entre ellas estan la depilacion con, ceras, electrica, cremas, cuchillas, pinzas, foto depilacion y laser que es mas famosa del siglo XXI. Siempre se debe consultar a su medico dermatologo para ver cual de las alternativas de depilacion es la mas segura para su piel. Segun el articulo â€Å"En boga la depilacion masculina†, de la Revista Contorno desde hace algun tiempo los hombres estan optando por deshacerse de el vello corporal y lo hacen sometiendose a la depilacion laser, esto por razones esteticas como higienicas. Los hombres que mas usan este servicio de depilacion son los ciclistas, nadadores, fisiculturistas, bailarines, modelos o cualquier hombre que le moleste el vello en exceso o el vello que le provoca mucha transpiracion. Segun una encuesta de la revista Men’s Fitness, â€Å"si los hombres pudieran cambiar una parte de sus cuerpos, el 54. 9% cambiaria sus foliculos capilares mas que sus musculos† (Clayton, 2008  ¶ 1). Las zonas que mas demandadas por los hombres para ser depiladas por laser son las siguientes (de mayor a menor importancia): zona inferior de la barba, espalda y hombros, torax y abdomen, entrecejo, orejas, manos, pomulos y otras mas como piernas, brazos, nalgas†¦ Como menciona este articulo, la depilacion laser es un tratamiento que se aplica de acuerdo el caso. Este procedimiento dirige el haz de una luz continua que actua por foto termolisis selectiva: se trata de una longitud de onda que atraviesa las capas superficiales de la piel y que es absorbida por la melanina (pigmento presente en todo tipo de vello salvo en las canas y el vello rubio), la cual al absorber la energia luminosa se calienta provocando la destruccion de la matriz del vello y del foliculo piloso. Es un metodo rapido y comodo que consigue una depilacion duradera y en muchos casos definitiva. Este tipo de depilacion es efectiva tanto para hombres como mujeres y se puede utilizar en casi todas las partes del cuerpo. Por ejemplo, no se puede realizar en la parte interna de la ceja, por ser poco seguro para el globo ocular. En las zonas en donde que se consiguen mejores resultados en los hombres son la espalda, el torax y la barba. Muchos varones se aplican varias sesiones de este tratamiento para perder densidad en su barba y no sufrir irritacion al afeitarse. Es importante que la depilacion laser en la barba se haga de forma cuidadosa. En cada sesion de laser el paciente pierde un porcentaje de vello que no vuelve a salir nunca, ahora bien, un varon joven mientras tiene sus niveles de hormonas masculinas alto, tiene un estimulo continuo de crecimiento de vello en las zonas androgenodependientes, entre ellas, la barba. En este caso, una vez finalizado el tratamiento, necesitaria sesiones de repaso cada cierto tiempo para poder mantenerse totalmente depilado en esa zona. Para mejores resultados de una depilacion laser es si se tienen la piel clara (con poca melanina) y pelo oscuro. ?Motivo? Porque la melanina es la que absorbe la energia luminica y se calienta. Asi, la piel se calienta poco y el vello mucho, que es lo que interesa. Si tienes la piel y los pelos oscuros o claros, o la piel oscura y el pelo claro, tampoco hay problema, pero hay que adoptar precauciones. Asi como es una buena solucion, tambien hay que tener en cuenta que no todo el mundo puede hacerse la misma por que podria causarle algun dano. Contra quien esta contraindicada esta manera de depilacion laser, a personas con Acne severo, soriasis activa, herpes simple activo, infeccion de cualquier tipo y fiebre, diabetes mellitas, epilepsia, condiciones que requieran tratamiento. Es importante que a la hora de elegir un centro de depilacion laser, hay que fijarse en la experiencia acumulada, utilizacion de equipos de ultima generacion, que sea un centro autorizado por sanidad y con profesionales medicos especializados en estetica. Opinion La depilacion masculina hasta hace algunos anos era algo del cual no se hablaba mucho y se categorizaba a las personas que lo hacian como personas gay. Desde que comenzo la moda del metrosexualismo hace algun tiempo se comenzo a ver que algunos iconos de la moda como actores, cantantes etc. omenzaron hacer este tipo de cosas que presentan a un hombre moderno y mas preocupado por su salud e higiene, entre estas opciones esta el que nos depilamos alguna parte del cuerpo de la cual nos pudiera causar alguna molestia, como la barba, axilas o piernas. En mi opinion no veo de malo que nosotros los hombres nos depilemos alguna parte de nuestro cuerpo ya que esto nos ayuda a mantener una mejor higiene y apariencia. Algunos ejemplos que tenemos de celebridades son Don Omar y Daddy Yankee que se depilan las cejas para que luzcan menos abundantes. Esto es opinion y es una decision personal de cada cual. Hoy en dia las mujeres se fijan mucho a este tipo de cosas, las cuales en estos ultimos tiempos a muchas de ellas les gusta tener a su lado una persona que mantenga una buena apariencia e higiene a traves de la depilacion a traves de cualquiera de sus alternativas. Referencias Revista Contorno. (2008, Verano). En boga la depilacion masculina. Recuperado el 20 de febrero de 2010 desde: http://revistacontorno. com/articles/depilacion. htm Rosa, E. (2009, 28 de abril). Auge en la depilacion masculina. Recuperado el 0 de febrero de 2010 desde: http://www. primerahora. com/diario/noticia/moda/vive a_tu_manera/auge_en_la_depilacion_masculina/293374 Clayton, V. (2008, Verano). Is Hairless More?. Recuperado el 21 de febrero 2010 desde: http://www. mensfitness. com/lifestyle/mens_grooming/33 Redaccion Mujer,(2005, 23 de junio) Diferentes tipos de Depilacion. Recuperado el 20 de febrero 2010 desde: http://mujer. orange. es/moda y_belleza /cuerpo_y mente/1270_1. html How to cite Depilacion Masculina, Essay examples

Employees be Primarily Motivated by Money

Question: Should Employees be Primarily Motivated by Money? Answer: Introduction Employee motivation defines the energy level, creativity and commitment of the workforce. In this era of business modernization, organizations are considering employee relationship for gaining supremacy in the competitive market. It is the sole responsibility of management to implement effective motivational tools for empowering employee performance. According to Lazaroiu (2015), there are different motivational tools such as recognition, succession plan, flexibility and remuneration increment. In this regards, Chauhan, Goel and Arora (2014) has argued that selection of the motivational tool completely depends on the organizational requirements and culture as well. It is highly necessary to implement an effective motivational tool for empowering employees performance level, which helps an organization in handling a critical situation. Most of the organizations try to satisfy their employees through financial benefits rather than other benefits. This essay will critically evaluate that whether the financial benefit is an essential motivational tool or the other motivational tools are also need to take into account for strengthening workforce performance. Discussion According to Solomon et al. (2012), financial benefit is one of the major motivational tools, which helps an organization to motivate the workforce. On the other hand, Manzoor (2012) has argued that financial benefit only helps an individual to fulfill the primary needs and requirements. As per the Maslow hierarchy of needs, an individual should fulfill the basic needs for reaching to the self-actualization level (Cherian and Jacob 2013). However, the other phase of Maslow hierarchy of needs suggest that other factors such as belongings, social needs and esteem are also important for reaching to the ultimate level of motivation (Qayyum 2012). Therefore, it can be said that money is important for satisfying needs of an individual; however, the other motivational tools are also important for leading the workforce towards success. As stated by Acha, Hargiss and Howard (2013), there is a huge difference between inspiration and motivation. If an employee is inspired, then he or she will b e able to generate new ideas. In the other hand, Bogoviz, Vukovich and Stroiteleva (2013) mentioned that if an employee is motivated, then he or she would be able to implement that innovative idea. It defines that motivation is something that influence the workforce to give extra effort for getting successive outcome from their performance. Therefore, it is important to empower self-esteem of the workforce along with providing better remuneration. According to Ude and Coker (2012), an organization should have proper pay structure for satisfying the workforce. On the other hand, Mishra and Sinha (2014) has opposed that along with efficient pay structure, it is important to motivate the workforce with effective career opportunity. It indicates that organizations need to gain the trust of the workforce by ensuring that employees future growth is taken into consideration by the management. As mentioned by Lazaroiu (2015), recognition is a motivational tool, which helps the organization to motivate every individual employee. The term recognition defines how the management of an organization is appreciating an employee for achieving a set of objective. It is highly important to appreciate the workforce after achieving a particular objective for empowering motivational aspects. However, Solomon et al. (2012) has additionally mentioned that only appreciation is not sufficient for continues improvement of the workforce. An organization should consider extra financial benefits along with recognition in order to influence the workforce to maintain efficiency. For example, CEO of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg appreciates the workforce for achieving short-term organizational objectives for motivating the workforce (Manzoor 2012). On the other hand, Bogoviz, Vukovich and Stroiteleva (2013) stated that adopting only financial benefit could harm self-esteem of an employee, which can r educe performance quality severely. However, Mishra and Sinha (2014) has stated that providing financial benefit empowers motivation of the workforce in short-term basis. It means a medium level organization can provide only financial benefits to the workforce for increasing business performance for short time. On the other hand, Manzoor (2012) stated that a large organization should consider long-term relationship with the workforce and therefore, a large organization should implement recognition as the primary motivation tool rather than financial benefits. As per the viewpoint of Qayyum (2012), apart from recognition and financial benefits, a succession plan is another effective motivational tool, which can empower performance quality of the workforce. In this strategy, an organization considers future growth of the employees along with organizational benefits. In this manner, an organization engages an effective training program for empowering knowledge of the workforce. According to Cherian and Jacob (2013), this strategy not only helps the organizations to provide adequate knowledge to the workforce but also helps the workforce to improve their efficiency. For example, Apple is considering continuous knowledge growth of the workforce for motivating the employees. However, Acha, Hargiss and Howard (2013) have argued that an effective successive plan involves a monetary investment, which increases the overall organizational cost. In other words, this motivational tool is a financial benefit for the workforce; because employees are get ting the professional training at free of cost. On the other hand, Ude and Coker (2012) stated that if an organization is only relying on financial benefits rather than successive plan, then it will be difficult for the company to improve performance quality of the workforce. It defines that providing an effective career opportunity is more beneficial than financial benefits. In this regards, Manzoor (2012) has stated that in this competitive era of the business environment, every organization is willing to retain their employees and therefore, every company is offering an effective remuneration structure. Considering succession plan along with financial benefit can help an organization in reducing the rate of employee turnover in an efficient manner. However, Solomon et al. (2012) has argued that providing financial benefits along with succession plan will increase company's cost remarkably. Therefore, an organization needs to choose between these two motivational tools for ensurin g low cost and high profitability. On the other hand, Cherian and Jacob (2013) stated that, an effective succession plan ensure the employees that management of the organization is looking forward to the employees. Therefore, motivating the employees will be easy for the organization by implementing succession plan rather than monitory benefits. According to Qayyum (2012), workforce flexibility is another motivational tool, which allows the workforce to be flexible during performing for certain objectives. It helps the workforce in achieving the organizational objectives as per their convenience. In other words, flexibility increases self-esteem of the employees in an effective manner. As mentioned by Bogoviz, Vukovich and Stroiteleva (2013), a flexible working culture improves responsibility of the employees and therefore, employees can perform in critical situation for avoiding negative outcome. The most relevant example of flexible working culture is Google working atmosphere (Lazaroiu 2015). Google is efficiently managing the workforce by implementing a flexible working culture and therefore, the workforce is highly satisfied and motivated as well. On the other hand, Manzoor (2012), has opposed that this kind of working environment is only facilitates the experienced employees. Therefore, new employees can face difficult ies while working in such environment. In order to motivate the workforce, it is highly important to provide a maintained flexibility along with financial benefits. According to Qayyum (2012), a flexible working environment with high observation is the most effective motivational tool, which can empower performance quality and employee engagement of an organization. However, Ude and Coker (2012) have mentioned that apart from this motivational tool, an organization needs to provide extra financial benefits such as incentives and reward bonus. Conclusion This essay is emphasizing that most of the organization are relying on financial benefits for motivating the workforce. In this essay, arguments of various authors are indicating that there are various motivational tools apart from financial benefit. When it comes to the recognition, an organization needs to appreciate the workforce for achieving an objective. Along with that, the organization should also provide fringe benefits for fulfilling basic requirements of the workforce. On the other hand, an organization should consider future development of the workforce for building an emotional relationship with the employees. In this motivational tool, an organization will be able to increase employee motivation along with employee engagement. Apart from that, instead of financial benefits, a flexible working culture can be implemented as a motivational tool. This motivational tool helps an organization to allow the workforce in enhancing their self-esteem. On the other hand, many resea rchers have argued that this particular motivational tool can affect the organizational sustainability negatively. Reference list Acha, V., Hargiss, K.M. and Howard, C., 2013. The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence of a Leader and Employee Motivation to Job Performance.International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications (IJSITA),4(4), pp.80-103 Bogoviz, A.V., Vukovich, G.G.E. and Stroiteleva, T.G.E., 2013. Motivation of staff in the corporate sector industry.World applied sciences journal,25(10), pp.1423-1428 Chauhan, A., Goel, M. and Arora, R.G., 2014. A review on factors influencing employee motivation.EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies,4(2), pp.128-143 Cherian, J. and Jacob, J., 2013. Impact of self efficacy on motivation and performance of employees.International Journal of Business and Management,8(14), p.80 Lazaroiu, G., 2015. Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, p.97 Manzoor, Q.A., 2012. Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness.Business management and strategy,3(1), p.1 Mishra, T. and Sinha, S., 2014. Employee motivation as a tool to implement internal marketing.International Journal of Commerce, Business and Management,3(5) Qayyum, A., 2012. An empirical analysis of employee motivation and the role of demographics: the banking industry of Pakistan.Global Business and Management Research,4(1), p.1 Solomon, O., Hashim, N.H., Mehdi, Z.B. and Ajagbe, A.M., 2012. Employee motivation and organizational performance in multinational companies: A study of Cadbury Nigeria Plc.IRACST-International Journal of Research in Management Technology (IJRMT),2(3), pp.303-312 Ude, U. and Coker, M.A., 2012. Incentive scheme, employee motivation and productivity in organizations in Nigeria: Analytical Linkages.Journal of Business and Management,1(4), pp.32-39

Nevena Tomovic Interview - Marketer, Storyteller and #WCEU Organizer

Its been a while since our last interview, but we are back with a great new discussion about stories, specifically, storytelling and its weight in our personal and professional lives. Telling stories is not necessarily something we are all good at but we are surrounded by them every day.  Nevena Tomovic is one of those people who love producing the stories we want to hear on a daily basis. Today, she tells us why storytelling is good for marketing and how having empathy for people can help you succeed.By the way, before getting to know Nevena, check our latest (and first) mirror interview, a new type of interview we experimented with at the end of the last year, featuring Jenny Beaumont and Petya Raykovska. Read it here!Nevena is a people person, which can be noticed when you interact with her for the very first time.  She likes socializing, sharing thoughts with WordPress fellows, and writing about them. This is one of the reasons why shes organizing WordCamp Europe 2018, as par t of the content team.After recently joining the  Human Made team in a business development position, shes also independently running a storytelling workshop where she teaches her students the art of communicating in a catchy, appealing way.When shes not organizing the event, she occasionally speaks at various WordCamps, offering interactive and engaging talks to the audience. You simply cant get bored listening to her presentations.On a daily basis, shes a digital marketer with a passion for storytelling, which she has inherited during the bedtime stories when she was little. She thinks that its important to be able to tell stories if you want to succeed in marketing because it is about empathy and about making people understand your message better.And she has a point when she says that we, people, love stories. No matter the form (movies, books, inspirational advice, news), we are addicted to them and we consume them all the time. Nevena knows it and always tries to be a good st oryteller herself. You are a member of the WCEU organizing team for the second time. Whats so great about this job that made you want to repeat the experience?Nevena Tomovic:Yes, so last year I was on the sponsor team, and thats how I met Noel, who I work with today. This year I am on the content team. I like working on the WCEU organizing  team because you get the real feel of the community. You meet and work with people from all over the world, and this volunteer position particularly helped me in figuring out how I want to contribute back. Organising events is a great way to bring everyone together, and its really rewarding seeing everything work out.You just ran your first storytelling workshop. Can you briefly share your best takeaways with us? Is there something that you learned in particular?Nevena Tomovic:I did, yes and I loved it. The end game for me is to be able to open my school of storytelling and marketing. That would include everything from business development, con tent marketing to public speaking. So, stay tuned for that!Best takeaways:Make sure you are adding value throughout the workshop. Each section should be there for a good reason.Once you have added examples everywhere, add some more. Really unless people can see how something looks in practise, they wont grasp the concept you are teaching.Dont cram content. A good friend of mine taught me, you can only teach up to 3 main points (sections) per session. Otherwise, it gets too much for your audience.I am actually working on a new workshop series at the moment, my A-Z handbook of content marketing, so you can keep an eye out on that. You can follow all of my updates, on my blog (nevena.blog).You often make connections between storytelling and marketing. Does one need storytelling skills to be a good marketer (and the vice-versa)?Nevena Tomovic:Well, I am not sure how much you need marketing to be a good storyteller. 🙂 The connection for me is just natural, like I say in my talks we are addicted to stories. We love them, and cant get enough. Thats why we spend so much time reading, watching TV, and discussing other peoples lives.Being a good marketer is about appealing to people, thats the basis of marketing in whatever form. By using storytelling you are more likely to communicate your message in a way that is understood by a majority. Storytelling is also about empathy, and we need more empathy in the world today. Nevena Tomovic:I started at Human Made only recently, and its my first remote experience, so I have had to up my game when it comes to discipline.I think from a young age I played competitive sports, which always encouraged me to be efficient with school work, later at university and today at work. My secret is the gym, or aerial gymnastics, which my new hobby.Break up your day with physical activity and get some fresh air. This is so important to do, especially when you dont feel like it.How do you define being successful?Nevena Tomovic:For me success is freedom. I feel successful when I am independent, and I when I can carry a project from A to Z. Thats not to say that I dont like working in a team, I actually love it. Its just that feeling when you can rely on yourself that defines success for me.I hear you read a lot. What was the book that you enjoyed/inspired you the most?Nevena Tomovic:Yes, I love to read. Currently, I am reading David Sedaris and his memoirs. A book that inspired me the most recently is probably Norwegian Wood, by Murakami. I cant say its my favourite book, but he certainly reminded me to just stop and focus on the details, on the little things. People often forget that in the fast-paced world we live in today.What are the topics that you love to write most about?Nevena Tomovic:I actually love doing interviews. I like writing about other people.What do you wish more people knew about WordPress?Nevena Tomovic:That its not just a blogging platform. I dont think people realise how much impact WordPre ss has and will have on the online publishing world.Whos doing things that are just cutting-edge and incredible in the WordPress space right now?Nevena Tomovic:Am I allowed to say we are 🙂 I think Human Made has so many talented engineers, and community members who are dedicated to advancing WordPress in all ways possible, as well as, bringing it closer to an outside audience.Describe the WordPress community in one word.Nevena Tomovic:The bubble.Whats the one thing youd like to change about WordPress?Nevena Tomovic:I would want to educate people outside of WordPress, on all the possibilities WordPress can offer, and with that stop people thinking of WordPress just as a blogging platform.Whats the main threat to WordPress these days?Nevena Tomovic:Thats tough to say. I feel like WordPress, as a CMS is now almost unthreatened. What with it powering 29% of the internet, and being used by almost 15% of the most trafficked sites in the world. I think the biggest threat is losing that community feel, the diversity, the inclusivity. Just in the past three years, I have seen WCEU grow, and as wonderful as that is, you have to stop and think about how that is affecting the structure in the community. I hope that even with the growth of the community, WordPress will stay the same at its core. 'The biggest threat (to #WordPress) is losing that community feel, the diversity, the inclusivity'... Click To Tweet What is your advice for future WCEU organizers?Nevena Tomovic:Make sure you are having fun! Organizing such a large event, especially working in a 40 person team across the world, can sometimes get the better of you. @NNotsoclueless #interviewed at ThemeIsle | #WordPress Click To Tweet That sums up our Nevena Tomovic interview. If you have any questions for her, please leave them in the comments section. Also, if you have any suggestions for who we should talk to next, feel free to give us some names as well!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your Word Press SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

International Legal System as Initiatives to Enhance the Umm Qasr Port Security

International Legal System as Initiatives to Enhance the Umm Qasr Port Security The article under discussion is called â€Å"International Legal System as Initiatives to Enhance the Umm Qasr Port Security†; it represents a study report prepared by Iranian researchers Hassan Jafari and Somayeh Dehdari. The paper under discussion is devoted to the examination of the port security problem in the framework of the Umm Qasr Port.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on International Legal System as Initiatives to Enhance the Umm Qasr Port Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors put a particular emphasis on the problem of the International legal system’s implementation and the efficiency of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code (Jafari Dehdari, 2013). From the very first lines of the introduction, one might understand that the researchers are mainly interested in the efficacy of the particular security measure – the ISPS Code. Before Jafari and Dehd ari introduce the research question itself, they cover a series of minor problems that it comprises. Thus, the authors point out the cost-effectiveness of this security code, its benefits for the customers and potential disadvantages for the personnel. Therefore, the readers might presume in advance that the question of the following research is going to be focused on the outcomes of the ISPS Code integration in the port security system. Even though the focus of the research is evident, the researchers clearly put their principal question at the end of the introductory passage. According to Jafari and Dehdari, their study is aimed at the assessment of the effects of the ISPS Code implementation (Jafari Dehdari, 2013). The hypothesis of the analyzed research is represented in the format of a series of assumptions. Thus, the authors do not have a principal supposition the validness of which they intend to test with the help of the experiment. Instead, they put forward six assumptions that imply various aspects of the security code’s performance: price, customers’ satisfaction, duration length, to name but a few. One should necessarily point out that the authors provide a detailed explanation of the security code phenomenon, introducing the readers into the main problematic and potential questions in this area. Such an accurate description of the examined subject helps one realize the importance of the research. The â€Å"so what† question will hardly arise as long as one gets acquainted with the provided data. Therefore, Jafari and Dehdari manage to convince the readers that the study is worth carrying out.Advertising Looking for article on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Meanwhile, as to the uniqueness of the analyzed research, this question is not elucidated throughout the paper. The researchers do not provide any information regarding the novelty of the following study and their insights. Nevertheless, due to the fact that Jafari and Dehdari examine the implementation of the security code on the example of a particular port, Umm Qasr, one tends to presume that the study is unique. Another point that is worth analyzing is the research’s design. One has to note that the main points of the article are slightly different from those that the standard study report includes. Thus, the major part of the paper focuses on the background of the problem, whereas the methodology, the description of the experiment, the recommendations and some other essential parts of the research seem to be neglected. On the whole, one might suggest that the paper has two main points: the introduction of the problem and the accurate description of the received results. The introductory part takes up one-third of the entire text and seems to be exceedingly detailed while covering all the aspects of the ISPS Code’s implementation in the securit y system. As it has been already mentioned above, the paper does not include a separate sector devoted to the literature review. Meanwhile, one might still note that Jafari and Dehdari’s narration is well grounded from the literature point of view. Thus, the researchers provide the minimum of their own suggestions and assumptions while speculating over the key subject. Instead, they try to support every idea with the relevant reference to the peer-reviewed source. One is to mention that a significant part of the sources the research includes is represented by official documents and standards. The rest of the literature sources that the authors use seem to be valid and up-to-date. The method of collecting and analyzing data is thoroughly described only in the final part of the paper that covers the received result. One should admit that the authors are particularly attentive to the problem of analyzing the results – they provide an exhaustive explanation of the performe d process. On the other hand, the question of collecting data for the study seems to be slightly unrevealed. Therefore, one can suggest that replicating the following research might be rather problematic unless some extra guidance is provided. As long as every assumption is tested with the help of the one-sample t-test, the question of variables is explicitly covered in the paper. Thus, every statistical table includes the â€Å"variable† and the â€Å"average difference† columns. In the meantime, one can note that the discussion on the variables issue is highly brief and concise; the authors do not touch upon the alternative point of view in their study.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on International Legal System as Initiatives to Enhance the Umm Qasr Port Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One should necessarily point out that the provided findings fully support the authors’ initial go als. Thence, the examination of the validity of every assumption throws light on a particular aspect of the ISPS Code implementation. At the beginning of the research, Jafari and Dehdari intend to find out the character of the impact ISPS Code is likely to have on cost, clients, personnel, etc. The performed study provides the answers for all of these questions. The only drawback one might point out is the fact that the researchers receive the findings that are true for a particular port, Umm Qasr, whereas the beginning of the paper makes an impression they need to receive a more general data. Nevertheless, the validness of their findings can hardly be doubted. Jafari and Dehdari employ the specific first-hand information and a reliable method of its analysis. As a consequence, the insights they introduce are relevant, though not universal. The conclusion that Jafari and Dehdari offer is very brief and concise. Although, it follows the evidence provided, one might suggest that the a uthors fail to cover some significant findings. Thus, the problem of the security code’s impact on the personnel seems to be overlooked, even though the researchers initially pointed it out as one of the key points for examination. On the contrary, in conclusion, the authors lay a particular emphasis on the port’s size as one of the determining factors of the success of the code’s implementation. However, the size of the port was not primarily supposed to become the focus of the study. Therefore, one might suggest that the main advantage of the following conclusion is the concise manner the authors use to represent information. Meanwhile, the principal drawback of the final part is the omission of some essential points as well as the introduction of new aspects. One of the principal shortcomings of the research report under discussion is the authors’ interpretation of their findings. Hence, Jafari and Dehdari provide a brief summary of the results of thei r experiment leaving out the potential implications the received data possesses. Therefore, the authors do not analyze the significance of their findings, the potential areas of their implementation, or the novelty of their insights. The readers do not receive any information regarding the possibility of employing the results in further research. One might suggest that the following research report could be improved if the authors tried to speculate upon the integration of the data collected from a particular port into the general port security system. Hence, one could have performed the analysis of the port security code in general and worked out a series of recommendations on how this code may be efficiently implemented. As a consequence, the analyzed research report has a number of strengths and limitations. Among the benefits of the following study, one might point out the specificity of the targeted subject – the study focuses on a particular port; hence, the research is more practical rather than theoretical. Moreover, the background reference is highly detailed and explicit that helps a reader receive a complete idea of the examined subject.Advertising Looking for article on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, the validity of the findings determined by the reliable data analyzing method also adds to the research’s relevance. On the other side, the paper lacks some key parts that a research report has to include such as the description of the experiment itself and the analysis of the received results. One can suggest that the principal limitation of this study is the unclear experimental group and the lack of further recommendations that do not allow a reader to define the potential capacity of the authors’ insights. Reference List Jafari, H., Dehdari, S. (2013). International Legal System as Initiatives to Enhance the Umm Qasr Port Security. Journal of Social Issues Humanities, 1(7), 70-73.

Boys Behavior in The Lord of the Flies by William Golding

Boys' Behavior in The Lord of the Flies by William Golding Having parents that are strict on you could be a good or a bad thing.When it comes to you not being around them it shows how you’d act if they weren’t around. In the Lord of the Flies by William Golding, the boys behavior is affected by the way they were raised.reasoning, Piggy’s aunt led him to being proper, Ralph’s dad is a commander in the navy, and Jack likely had a poor relationship with his parents. For Piggy growing up with a proper and respectful surrounding it would be good for him to be alone because he would know how to act with no parents around. Knowing that there are no girls on the island and Piggy lived with his aunt he’d be the only female voice of the group. Piggy likes to be Ralph’s advisor knowing that he cannot lead the group on himself. Piggy believes that holding the couch gives him the right to be heard. Piggy also likes to keep life scientific. Ralph represents leadership and a decency of intelligence. Shows obvious common since. Ralph is the one who makes the meeting place, the fire, and the huts. Ralph was the only elected leader for the boys.Ralph starts to lose his power of organized such as when he struggles to make an agenda for a meeting. Ralph was the only one to realize that Simon’s death was a murder. Since his dad was a commander in the navy Ralph will know all these things because he gets it from a father figure. For Jack, Jack gave a evil and violent type of character based on the fact that he had a dark side in survival. Jack came with a mindset that he would control eachand one of the boys and run them over when quite frankly he didn’t. He wanted to make rules and punish people who didn’t want to follow them even tho eventually he starts breaking his own rules he creates. Jack wants to rule the group other than just working with Ralph then being against Ralph. Jack doesn’t even follow the conch rule, but uses it in advantage when he has the power to do so. Jack wasn’t really good with his parents he got sent to military school and wasn’t really doing so great. All in all, when you are raised correctly or mutually you will conquer a lot in life. When you choose to not listen to what your parents tell you or make you do it can reach based on how you perform in public. If your parents are strict on you its better for you because when your not around them it will show what they meant to you when they told you to do this or that. Could even be when adults, adults parent just how they are raised or though to do so. This is how you would know if kids and or adults react in certain situations.

Aviation safety has been a major concern in the states. What can be Research Paper

Aviation safety has been a major concern in the states. What can be done to improve commercial aviation - Research Paper Example On average, the number of fatal air accidents has reduced in the 21st century. However, with incidences such as the recent disappearance of a Malaysian Aeroplane, concerns on the safety of air transport are raised. Historically, United States of America has been very conscious of its air transport industry. There was enacted the Air Commerce law in 1926 which was geared towards regulating the industry. This Act provided that any air accidents should be thoroughly investigated and recommendations made. It also provided for the licencing of aircrafts and pilots. In addition, air safety, rules were spelled out as well as the use of navigation aids. The interventions have been on improvement up to today. However, accidents have not failed to occur every single year. The rate of accidents has been decreasing when a comparison is drawn between the 20th and the 21st century. Alaska makes a major contribution to the number of accidents that occur; this has been attributed to weather. 2001 was a year that witnessed major aircraft accidents and the use of aircrafts in terrorism attacks. AL Qaeda militants hijacked four passenger airliner of which two of them crashed in the North and South towers in the World trade Centre. Another major accident took place almost at the same time killing 256 people. There has been a continuous improvement made in terms of the engineering technologies, design, maintenance, as well as the development of regulations that sets safety regulation and protocols. United States has created and strengthened its institutions in monitoring air safety. The Federal Aviation Administration is a body that has been strengthened over time through the input of Congress to handle aviation regulations. The body was established through a bill presented to the Senate on May 21, 1958 and the assent of the president on August 23 1958 led to the establishment of the agency. Initially, the role of regulation was bore by Civil

Community issue story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community issue story - Essay Example It strongly believed that internet would greatly facilitate local business and increased connectivity would help in planning and execution of programs and projects. Most importantly, Wi-Fi connectivity would introduce new opportunities of innovation in learning, job avenues, government transparency, economic growth etc. The Wi-Fi public internet has increasingly become a major facilitating agent for higher productivity for businesses and citizens alike. The convergence of information technology and communication has emerged as vital ingredient of new age hyper-connectivity that significantly promotes sustainable growth. While many local businesses, especially restaurants and coffee shops offer free internet services to increase their clientele, CID’s new venture is already expected to generate around $400,000 from tax. It is expected that $30,000 would be spent on Wi-Fi and same amount would be used as operational expenses for the pilot testing (Barker, 2012). The benefits of Wi-Fi in downtown areas would increase not only CID’s credibility and impact its economic goals but it would also considerably decrease the digital divide across people coming from different demographic segments. Wi-Fi connectivity on a pilot test basis would help contribute to the viability of the project and expose it huge relevance to businesses, public welfare, government departments and impact on their performance, students and academia in general. The huge benefits of internet connectivity through Wi-Fi promote greater awareness about the myriad businesses and services within specified areas. In the Columbia downtown, free Wi-Fi would hugely aid local entrepreneurs and businesses to attract new customers. At the same time, CID and local government can promote new welfare schemes, programs and policies and seek public feedback for improvements. The free access would also allow students to access necessary information and expand academic knowledge. Report

The Princess Bride Essay Example for Free

The Princess Bride Essay The movie, The Princess Bride, was depicted as a fairy tale that showcased romance, camaraderie, and adventure (Maltin). In some way, it also illustrated particular comedy scenes that were really enjoyed by the viewers. The movie started with the scene wherein the grandfather, played by Peter Falk, was narrating a story to his grandson, portrayed by Fred Savage. Throughout that scene, the former had really tried his best to get the interest of his grandson probably by making every chapter of the novel sound so grand. At first the grandson was kind of bored especially on the parts wherein the romantic scenes were being described by his grandfather (Berardinelli). The child had even declared that it would be more exciting and enjoying if he would rather played with video games than listen to what his grandfather was recounting to him. But when the child finally heard about giants, monsters, fighting, and other extraordinary events, the child had begun to pay more attention to the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the grandfather continued the story, the child had known about the love story of a peasant and princess, Westley and Princess Buttercup, played by Cary Elwes and Robin Wright respectively. The actors became very effective in portraying the roles of the protagonists of the story. It was like a damsel princess waiting for his knight in shining armor to save her and eventually became her lover or husband. While the main characters struggled to win their love story, other characters that either portrayed as villains or supports were also outstanding with regards to their acting performance (Maltin). One of the most notable and humorous scenes was when Inigo Montoya, played by Mandy Patinkin, and his comrades kidnapped the princess. And so the battle and fighting scenes were done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exhibiting so much action/adventure/fantasy with a very excellent inclusion of punch-lines and anecdotes, the viewers had really laughed to death, fell in love with the characters, got so annoyed with the villains, and a lot more (Johanson). But the end point was that the audience had really a great time watching the movie. The director had really done a great job. The cinematography was almost perfect with nice scenes, actors, sceneries as well as the background music. In addition, the movie was filled with unforgettable and brilliant lines and quotations. While some were the kinds of line which would truly move the viewer’s heart, or would create a big bang that would definitely made the viewer ponder on what the characters had said, some lines were also full of humor just like the line of Inigo, â€Å"My name is Inigo Montoya; you killed my father; prepare to die (Valentine).† Such were really archetypal.   All in all, the movie was outstanding that every viewer and critic of the movie would surely be astonished by the comical nature, fantasy-like plot, and action-romantic genre of the movie. Absolutely, The Princess Bride was sure to heighten every viewer’s sense of intrepidness and connect every watcher on equally comedic and dramatic level. It was merriment of affection, folk tales, and movie itself (Valentine). Also, with Reiner at the back of the wheel, the very old story contained by a story structure created marvels and surprises; during the movie’s supernatural magnificence, the viewer stayed alert that the heart of the film was really towards the relationship between the boy and his grandfather. Works Cited Berardinelli, James. â€Å"The Princess Bride.† 22 January 2008  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.reelviews.net/movies/p/princess_bride.html. Goldman, William. The Princess Bride: S. Morgensterns Classic Tale of True Love and High  Ã‚   Adventure. Harcourt, 2007. Johanson, Mary Ann. The Totally Geeky Guide to The Princess Bride. Lulu.com, 2000. Maltin, Leonard. Leonard Maltins 2008 Movie Guide. Signet, 2007. Valentine, Brandon. â€Å"Movie Review: The Princess Bride.†. 12 January 2007. Blogcritics. 22  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   January 2008 http://blogcritics.org/archives/2007/01/12/234247.php.

On the Futures of the Subject :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

On the Futures of the Subject ABSTRACT: This paper is intended as an inquiry regarding contemporary critical assays of subjectivity. In response to the contemporary politics of representation, both in expressions of essentialist identity politics and in versions of social constructivism, and their implication of all pedagogical practices in transfers of power, I wish to project the question of the subject’s futures. I choose to discuss the limits of the interior, monadic subject for consideration not only its historical and contemporary effects in the politics of representation, but also for the possibility of thinking beyond it. In the spirit of Foucault’s ethical project only a special kind of curiosity and a thinking ‘otherwise’ could, if luck and wit permit, allow us as individual subjects to go beyond ourselves. Thinking otherwise, when possible, could also suggest going beyond ourselves collectively in the creation of provisional critical pedagogical and ethical community. The notion of a decentered subject, now affixed to postmodern thought and practice, remains elusive. As a sometimes notorious, sometimes vogue tenet of cultural politics, the multiple, positioned subject breaks from traditional anchorages, whether theological, philosophical and political and their cultivation of experience. Most difficult for public critical reception are accounts of fragmentation and centerless identity, fueling charges that a moral vacuum has been excavated. The risk of losing any guarantee to permanence, order and a planned purpose to life is too great a secular leap into the void for most modern individuals to accept. While the specters of social fragmentation have been recognized as modes of experience under reifying modern social relations, the split subject, from Descartes to Freud and, on into postmodernism's displacements, a nostalgia for a substantial, core self persists. This paper is intended as an inquiry regarding contemporary critical assays of subjectivity. In response to the contemporary politics of representation, both in expressions of essentialist identity politics and in versions of social constructivism, and their implication of all pedagogical practices in transfers of power, I wish to project the question of the subject's futures. I choose to discuss the limits of the interior, monadic subject for consideration not only its historical and contemporary effects in the politics of representation, but also for the possibility of thinking beyond it. In the spirit of Foucault's ethical project only a special kind of curiosity and a thinking `otherwise' could, if luck and wit permit, allow us as individual subjects to go beyond ourselves.

The Hurt Man

â€Å"The Hurt Man â€Å"is a short story written by Wendell Berry taking place in the late asses. The childhood memories of the man Mat Filter are described from a third person narrator whose omniscience is limited to Mat.The fact that the narrator is able to give away information regarding much later events such as â€Å"she would begin to matter to him a great deal in a dozen of years, and after that she would matter to him all his life â€Å"of course referring to Margaret; Mat's coming wife gives the reader the opportunity to reflect on the current events with the future events in mind to each a greater understanding and later conclusion of the story. â€Å"The Hurt Man â€Å"takes on a very traditional short story form. First the characters are described then the setting.After that the banalities and dangers of Port William are portrayed followed by a trigger to lead on the story in a dramatic order: a hurt man arrives bleeding at the house of the five year old narrator a nd his mother. At first the title of the story seems easily analyzable and one might think that the story it called â€Å"The Hurt Man† only because of the hurt man it among other things revolves around. But I live it could also be referring to changes in Mat and how his innocence is taken away when learning of pain through the mother's care of the man. The setting of the story plays a decisive role as well.As stated initially, Mat grew up in a rather tumultuous and harsh setting where disputes were mostly settled out of court with violence; a town in which the â€Å"proof of mortality would be given in blood†. Here a noteworthy word â€Å"mortality â€Å"occurs for the first time in the story and almost from the beginning. The usage of the word mortality later becomes an essential part of the story and Port William. It is also told that the three deceased siblings of Mat are resting at the town's graveyard and their headstones became an immortal proof of their tough and short life in Port William.The mother was a strong and seemingly independent woman. She was treated with respect from the friends of the hurt man first when she stopped them to ask them who they were and secondly when she delegated the different task in an attempt to save the hurt man. Even though she had previously lost 3 of her children at very young ages much like her present son she did not hesitate to let him experience the airdrops of life first handedly. After all such experiences are necessary when growing up especially at that age.Of course she was concerned about his wellbeing to a certain motherly degree also did she love him. So she kept an eye on him but also let him grew up like any other child. Especially on Saturdays did she watch out for him since the town had a tendency to turn additionally disorderly that day. So in contrast Mat's mother is very similar to the mother of Creeps in â€Å"The Soldiers Home â€Å". Both of them want to protect their child but t hey don't want their protection to be arced on them they would rather have their children experience hardships and progress in life.The fact that it is two completely different situations and ages their children are affected by is secondary. The important part is their motherly care and the experiences they let their children have for the better on the long run. Mat was surprised when the mother almost without hesitation let the man inside their house. He was not afraid of man or the blood on his face and body. But if there was one thing he was not surprised about was that the mother took care of him and nursed is wounds. He knew she would do this for she did this to himself so why should his caring mother refuse to help this stranger?He was simply surprised about the facial expression of care, love, empathy and uneasiness which he had only seen directed at him. Then Mat realized what death really is by seeing his mother's genuine care and love for a complete stranger. He also under stood that this stranger would have been dead had it not been for his mother. When Mat then moved closer to his mother and uncovered her facial expression usually only directed at him: that passionate, careful ND worried look he has an epiphany in which he sees the world through the eyes of an adult for the first time.This is a milestone is his life (and life in general) and of course at his age he can only be shocked. For all of his short life Mat thought that the world was revolving around him and his mother only but after seeing how his mother reacted to this man's condition he realized that this man could have died and never returned like the many people buried at the graveyard. He then truly understood what dying means. This might also be the reason why â€Å"she would begin to matter to him a great deal in a dozen of years, ND after that she would matter to him all his life â€Å".First she did not matter to him she could have been a boy for all he cared but he ended up marr ying her maybe because he realized that life does not Just revolve about him and his mother. Through the pain he learned of he also learned about love, care and compassion which he later would share with his wife and grandson and as long as Mat would be happy there would always be a loss† He learned it all his life†. That is the law of equivalent exchange in which we and our universe live by.

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper Essay

When nursing began in the Florence Nightingale days, nurses learned their nursing practices from theories. There were two theorist names Dorothea Orem and Virginia Henderson that had their own perspective on nursing practices. This paper will discuss compare and analyze the concepts based of each of these ladies theories to show how they are related. These two ladies developed their own ideas on how nursing should be practiced. Henderson In 1955 Virginia Henderson wrote the 14 components of basic nursing care, this is known as the human need theory. The theory identified areas that the patient may lack in taking care of their selves when sick, and these are the 14 components of basic nursing care. The 14 components are: breathing good, good oral intake/good nutrition, normal functioning of bowel/bladder, sleep/rest, dressing/undressing, keeping normal body temperature, cleanness of patient promote good skin integrity, keep away from injuries/dangers, good communication of fears/emotions, meeting spiritual needs, working, playing/participating in games or recreations, and learning. The development of theory helped nurses know how to assess, plan, implement, and evaluate their patients (George, 2011). Orem Dorothea Orem wrote a theory called the self-care deficit theory, and this theory consist of three theories the self-care, self-care deficit, and the theory of nursing systems. In this theory she explain how person can take care of their selves, when a person needs help caring for their selves, and last is when person needs medical attention. The first theory is self-care, and this is when a person is able to maintain their well-being and health. This theory can differentiate depending on what stage of life your end such  as your age, developmental state, or where you live. Within the self-care theory is three self-care requisites. The requisites are universal self-care requisites, developmental self-care requisites, and health deviation self-care. Example universal of self-care requisites is common activities of daily living (ADL’s). Example of developmental self-care requisites is adjusting to new job or change with your body. The last example is of health deviation self-care, and this is when person able to take care of medical problem. The second theory is self-care deficit when person self-care demand out weights their self-care abilities, and nursing is needed. Orem list five ways of helping that nurses can use. The five ways are doing for others, guiding, meet their physical/emotional needs, providing supportive environment to assist person development, and teaching another. The last theory is the theory of nursing system. This theory is when the nurse provides care because the patient is unable to care for their self. Orem discusses three different types of nursing systems that will meet patient self-care requisite. The first system is wholly compensatory nursing system, and this system is when patient depends fully on the nurse to care for them. Example of this system is a patient who had a major stroke. The second system is the partly compensatory nursing system, and this system when patient can take care of some of their needs but still needs nursing care. Example of this system is patient who has pneumonia and can still feed their selves, but depends on nursing to provide IV antibiotic treatment. The last is the supportive-educative nursing system, and this is when patient is capable taking care of doing self-care, but needs support/education on medical conditions. Example of this when home health goes out to teach patient how to do wound care on their wound so they do not have to depend on nursing (â€Å"Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory†, 2012). Comparing the Concepts These theorist Orem and Henderson have a common concept on how a nurse should practice nursing. Theses theorist have established in their theories the role of nursing. They have differ approaches when it comes to the how nurses should practice their care. Henderson theory identifies 14 component of human needs that patient may not take care of when they are sick. Henderson theory is for nursing to assess the 14 component as a whole, andintervene   in the areas needed. In comparison Orem’s theory of self-care deficit identifies when patient lacks self-care abilities to take care of their self then it is responsibility of the nurse to meet the patients self-care demand. These two theorist differ in the aspect that Henderson focuses more on taking care of the patient in a more acute setting. Orem has more of a focus in her theory of nursing system on educating the patient on their health conditions or self-deficit so they can take care of their self (George, 2011). Orem’s Self-care Theory Implication on Nursing Practice Orem general theory is â€Å"Nursing has its special concern mans need for self-care and the provision and the maintenance of it on continuous basis in order to sustain life and health, recover from disease and injury, and cope with their effects, â€Å"(George, 2011). Nurse’s everyday are practicing the self-care theory of Orem in a variety of health care settings. When a nurse gets a new patient the first they do is identify their self-care deficits and self-care abilities. This allows nurses to focus on the patient’s self-care deficit, and start taking care of the patient needs. When the nurse identifies the self-care deficit then that allows them to start assessing the situation, create care plan for the patient, and start treating/teaching on the self-care deficits. Example is when a new patient is admitted to the hospital the nurse assesses the patient’s problem, starts taking care of the problem, identifies where teaching is needed, and creates care plan so patient will get better (â€Å"Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory†, 2012). Metaparadigm Orem’s metaparadigm consist of four factors: Human being, health, nursing, and environment. The factor is human she describes human as self-care, and self-care is practice of our activities of daily living that promotes life and well-being. The second factor is health, Orem describes health as being whole and sound physical, mentally, and socially for the person well-being. The third factor is nursing, she describes nursing as a needed service to meet the self-care of humans. The last factor is environment, and she describe the environment as anything around the human that can hinder their ability to perform their self-care († Dorothea Orem’s Views on Nursing Metaparadigm†, n.d.). Philosophy According to â€Å"Dorothea Elizabeth and her philosophy on self-care† (n.d.), â€Å"are patients wish to care for themselves.† Basically what Orem is saying if the nurse lets the patient take care of themselves to best of the their ability they will get over their sickness quicker. This relates to nursing today because the more we enable patients to learn and take care their health condition they will function more independently. Example of Orem philosophy in nursing is when patient is home health, and the nurse is simply there to teach them about congestive heart failure, and how to take care the disease we are enabling the patient to take care to themselves. Conceptual Model Orem’s conceptual model is related to her theory of self-care. The model defines her three theories of self-care, self-care deficit, and theory of nursing system. When the person self-care demand exceed their self-care abilities, then nursing is needed. Nurses can help patients meet their self-care needs by using the conceptual model. The conceptual model identifies how nurses can assist the patient under self-care deficit by using the 5 areas identified earlier in this paper. Under the theory of nursing the nurse should identify the patient learning needs, and address them so the patient is meeting his/her self-care needs in the end, and is healthy (â€Å"Orem’S Self-Care Model†, n.d.). Conclusion Orem and Henderson agenda for their theories is to establish nursing practice guidelines for nurses. They two theorist help define the role of nursing, and the profession. In the nursing world nurses practice these two theories in their everyday practices. Nurses have learned how to identify problems of patient when they arrive, and how to address them so they can get on the road to recovery. Nurses also learned how to identify a self-care deficit in patients so it can be addressed, then the nurse educates patient on self-care deficit where they can care for themselves. These two theories basically sum down to assessing, implementing, care planning, and educating the patients. References Dorthea Elizabeth and her Philosophy on self-care. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://n207grpfsuccessorsoforem.blogspot.com/p/introduction.html Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory. (2012). Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/self_care_deficit_theory.html Dorthea Orem’s Views on Nursing Metaparadigm. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://oremstheory.webs.com/definedconcepts.htm George, J. B. (2011). Nursing Theories: The Base for Nursing Practice (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix ebook Collection database. Orem’s Self-Care Model. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.snjourney.com/ClinicalInfo/NgTheory/OremNotes.htm

The Essay Experts Top 10 Tips for Website Organization and Flow

The Essay Experts Top 10 Tips for Website Organization and Flow Building a website for your company can be a daunting task. Even if you know what content you want on the site, you might be overwhelmed by how to organize it all. Here are a few tips on website organization that will keep your users happy    and get you compliments on how easy it is to navigate your site! 1. As a basic principle, dont have more than 6 main menu items. These will most often be something like: Home, About Us, Services/Rates, Testimonials, FAQ, and Contact Us. If you have a portfolio or samples, that will add a menu item. If you have a blog, that will add another menu item. Specialty websites might have different menu options but you should almost *never* have more than 8 in your list (my website pushes the limit)! Have more items? Create submenus! Thats what theyre there for. 2. Make all your menu items clickable (not just the sub-menus). Again, users expect to be able to click on things. If something looks like it should be a link, make it a link. Example: Services and Rates page. Even though your detailed information will be found under the submenu items for each service, create a simple page where people get sent if they click on the general Services Rates item. On that simple page, have links to each service. You might be surprised how this small thing will change the way users experience your site! 3. Make your logo (generally the top left corner of every page) a link to your home page. Users are starting to expect that! 4. Create a clickable menu, basically a table of contents, at the top of a long page (dont make people scroll down to find out whats there). This way people can click on the menu item and get sent to the place on the page with the information they need. This technique is used regularly in FAQs but is often overlooked on other types of pages. 5. Make your site as easy to edit as possible. There are always items that will change. You might offer new goods, change prices, add items to your portfolio, run new specials or cancel old ones. Create a structure for the site that can accommodate these changes. This requires thinking ahead about what categories of items you will need in the future (see #10)! This practice will save you time and money on web updates and will help you and your website stay organized. 6. Make it easy for users to find and use your contact information. In addition to your Contact Us main menu item, put your contact information clearly on the home page and make sure the Contact Us link is always easy to find. You dont want your users to have to work hard to find out how to contact you! 7. Do not have broken links or links to parts of your site that are under construction. If the link does not bring the user to anything useful, dont have a link there at all. 8. Running a special? Put it on every page. But dont make it scroll or pop out every time someone clicks on a new link or reads down a page. If you distract the viewer she is more likely to be annoyed by your persistent offer than to take advantage of it. 9. Have a lot to say? Is your text getting too long? Thats what a Learn More link is for! People who are interested will click. People who arent interested will move on to the next thing. 10. Think ahead. Make sure, *before* you start building your site, to create a site map. A site map looks a lot like a family tree, with the main menu items at the top. Fit everything you want to have on your site into your site map and *then* create the site according to your tree. This planning stage will save you huge amounts of time and effort in the future and will set you up to accommodate the growth of your site and your business. Implement these ten tips and your users will thank you! Your site will be organized, well thought out, and a pleasure to click through.

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Scrutiny of Property as an Investment Class - Essay Example Risk is a calculation of what is anticipated to occur but not what is really happening. Investment determinations nevertheless need the inference of an unidentified future return, which is known as expected return. Since there is a series of probable results there is no assurance that the estimation will be accurate, but it is the most excellent likely evaluation. The increase of allocation of anticipated returns about the entire expected mean estimation is typically calculated by the standard deviation (), or its square, the variance (2), and this is the typical risk measure. When assets are pooled in a portfolio, the anticipated return is a subjective mean of the individual asset's predictable return. The weights are the ratios of these assets accommodated in the portfolio. The portfolio risk is composite. The portfolio risk reckons not only on the weights and the individual chances but also on the correlativity between the assets. The correlation coefficient, , assesses joint moves between the two variables and how they vary jointly. The rate can differ from -1.0 to +1.0, even though for majority of the variables, the correlation coefficient lies between these two valu... The threat of the portfolio is the weighted mean of the risks of the assets in the portfolio. When the relationship is -1.0, the return are absolutely negative correlated which means that with the increase or decrease in the value of one variable the other variable will move in the opposite proportions. The correlation coefficient for assets without any correlation at all is zero (Perold, 2004). According to Hoesli, M., and MacGregor, B. D., (2000), "the first stage was to compute the expected return and risk of each individual asset and to use these to calculate the portfolio expected return and risk from all possible combination of weights, using both linear programming and investing." In reality, no two assets can ever be completely correlated as their income is impacted by diverse factors. When all of the correlations are fully correlated, the risk is constantly less than the weighted mean. In this event, some of the risk from one asset can be counterbalanced to an extent by the other asset, so that the standard deviation of the portfolio always remains lesser than the mean risk of the weighted average of the standard deviation of each item. This is the foundation of variegation and portfolio creation. The quantity by which risk is cut down reckons on the correlations among the assets. The lesser the correlation is between rent and capital gains on different assets the further away the correlation will be from +1 resulting in greater profits of variegation. Consequently, investors who hold a broadened portfolio with not completely correlated assets could get rid of the risk linked with the individual assets. According to Brown, Keith C. and Frank K. Reilly,

Policy on Social and Affordable Housing in Ireland

Policy on Social and Affordable Housing in Ireland 1.0 What is Social and Affordable Housing? 1.1 Social Housing: Definition According to the Irish Council for Social Housing (2010), Social Housing can be broadly defined as accommodation provided by a local authority or approved non-profit housing body for persons who are unable to provide accommodation form their own resources. (www.icsh.ie) 1.2 Affordable Housing: Definition As defined by Dublin City Council (2010), Affordable Housing is a scheme whereby new homes are sold at a reduced price to people who cannot afford to buy a property on their own. (www.dublincity.ie) 1.3 History of Social Housing According to Redmond and Norris (2005), the first instances of social and affordable housing can be tracked back to the mid 1800s. During this time, Europe was witnessing widespread concern about housing conditions of the low income population. This unrest led to state subsidized rental housing to the disadvantaged and low income groups. This form of housing is now known as social housing. Social housing in Ireland has traditionally been provided through two means, these are: Local Authorities and Approved Voluntary Housing Associations. 1.3.1 Local Authority Social Housing In Ireland the Housing of the Working Classes Act (1890), was the first such Act to introduce the concept of the provision for social housing by the local authorities. This act introduced little change to the housing situation at the time. It was not until 1919 when a new housing Act was introduced. This Act was The Housing Act 1919. This Act obliged the local authorities to build and to provide subsidies in areas where there was a need for housing. From the time of introduction of this Act, Ireland saw a substantial period of social housing programmes and completions. This period continued well up until the 1950s. In 1966 a new Act was introduced to modernise the countries outdated legal framework in relation to housing. This Act was The 1966 Housing Act. To date Ireland has benefited from the introduction of 330,000 homes provided by local authorities under social housing initiatives. Currently local authorities manage 108,000 homes under the bracket of social housing. 1.3.2 Approved Voluntary Housing Association Social Housing As defined by the Irish Council for Social Housing (2010), Voluntary housing associations are non-profit organisations formed for the purpose of relieving housing need and the provision and management of housing. The largest of the voluntary housing associations in Ireland at present is the Iveagh Trust. The Iveagh Trust was set up in 1890 by Sir Edward Cecil Guinness, Earl of Iveagh. The purpose of this trust was to provide housing and other amenities to the working classes in Dublin. This was one of the first schemes of its kind to provide such assistance. The introduction of The Capital Assistance Scheme (1984) has provided much needed assistance to these housing associations. Due to the assistance provided by this scheme voluntary housing associations have been able to grow and provide effective assistance in the role of providing housing to those unable to provide housing for themselves. During the mid to late 1990s voluntary housing associations struggled to provide housing due to the increasing land and building costs. According to the National Economic and Social Council (2004), during the 1990s voluntary housing associations produced their lowest output of 285 units. At this time the numbers of people in need of housing was rapidly increasing. The Minister for Housing and Urban Renewal, Mr Robert Molloy T.D., was then prompted to update and improve the schemes available to the voluntary housing agencies. This allowed them to again function effectively in their role to the communities. In 2003 the voluntary housing sector has a managed stock of over 16,000 dwellings. The National Economic Social Council (2004). The Irish Council for Social Housing has recognised the role that the voluntary housing agencies provide in Ireland and has ensured that they have been included in the following current government policy documents: National Development Plan 2007 2013 and Towards 2016. Icsh (2010). 1.4 History of Affordable Housing Affordable housing is a relatively recent initiative in Ireland with the Housing Act 1992 providing the first policies for affordable housing. This Act facilitated access to full ownership in two or more stages to those who cannot afford ownership by their own means. Under this Act the purchaser must initially purchase 40% of the property. The Affordable Housing Scheme 1999 brought forward proposals by the social partnership to provide additional affordable housing on land that is already in the possession of the State and local authorities. As defined by the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (2009), the Affordable Housing Scheme 1999 comprises developments built on local authority land and in some cases purchased turnkey developments. It was not until the introduction of Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000 that affordable housing could be considered an effective form of providing housing to those who cannot afford to buy a property on their own. This Act provided an obligation for developers to transfer up to a maximum of 20% of land, units, sites, an equivalent financial contribution or other land or units off site to the local authority for the use to provide social and affordable housing. According to the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (2009), in 2007 the provision set out in Part V for affordable housing, accounted for 60% of the country wide provision of affordable housing. Today it is through the three measures above that affordable housing is primarily being provided by the local authorities. Sustaining Progress 2003 2005 introduced the Affordable Housing Initiative (AHI). This initiative was responsible for providing 10,000 affordable homes on local authority and State lands. This target has been increased in the current social partnership agreement, Towards 2016, to 17,000 affordable homes. In 2005 the Irish Government decided to establish the Affordable Homes Partnership (AHP). The role of the AHP was to coordinate the delivery of affordable housing by the local authorities in the Greater Dublin Area. The role of AHP in 2007 was extended in to coordinate affordable housing at a national level. During the period of 2006 2008 the AHP actually provided affordable housing direct to the applicant. The AHP when it was created was to take the responsibility of the sites under the AHI. The AHP used this land to deliver affordable housing through land exchanges. According to the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government 2009, only two land exchanges have taken place to date through the AHP. REFERENCES: Social Partnership (2006), Towards 2016. Dublin, Social Partnership Agreement, The Stationary Office. Ireland, Planning and Development Act 2000, Part V. Dublin: Stationary Office Buckley, J. (11 May 2009). Water Services and Affordable Housing Delivery Report. Dublin, Comptroller and Auditor General Special Report, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Social Partnership (2003), Sustaining Progress 2003 2005. Dublin, Social Partnership Agreement, The Stationary Office. The Economic Social Council (2004) Housing in Ireland: Performance and Policy. Dublin, The National and Economic Council. The Irish Council for Social Housing (2010), Development of the Voluntary Housing Sector [online], available: http://www.icsh.ie/eng/housing_in_ireland/development_of_the_voluntary_housing_sec, [accessed 2 January 2010]. Redmond, D. and Norris, M.(2005)Setting the Scene: Recent transformations in Irish housinginHousing Contemporary Ireland: policy, society and shelter,ed(s)., Dublin,Institute of Public Administration. Irish Council for Social Housing (2010), History of Hosing Policy [online], available: http://www.icsh.ie/eng/housing_in_ireland/government_policy, [accessed 2 January 2010]. 2.0 Government Policy and Legislation 2.1 Introduction According to the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (2009), the aim of the Irish Housing Policy is to enable every household to have available an affordable dwelling of good quality, suited to its needs, in a good environment and as far as possible at the tenure of its choice. The following review provides information on the legislative background of the social and affordable housing in Ireland. It examines the acts, initiatives and reports in relation to social and affordable housing and details the circumstances that gave rise to the implementation of Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000. It also examines the government policies that affect housing affordability and analyses Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000 and the amendments made in 2002. 2.2 Government Policies that Influence Home Ownership and Prices During the last two decades house prices have been increasing largely due to the demand by the young growing population that were looking to get into the property market. During this period interest rates on property and tax rates on property were particularly suited to home ownership. April 1997 saw the abolishment of the taxation of residential property. After April 1997 stamp duty was the sole tax that one had to pay when dealing with the sale or purchase of a residential property. The Government introduced mortgage interest relief as an incentive to encourage home ownership. Mortgage interest relief is available from the lender to the purchaser, once the owner can prove that the money has been solely applied for the purpose to purchase a property. The reduction in mortgage repayments is catered for by the reduction of tax that the applicant is entitled to. 2.4 Circumstances That Gave Rise to Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000 The following sections of this dissertation are a review of the contributing factors that gave rise to Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000. The following sections include a review of the Bacon Reports and other important factors. 2.4.1 Bacon Report 1: An Economic Assessment of Recent House Price Developments During the lead up to the publishing of the first Bacon report, Ireland was experiencing rapid increase in house prices. During this period investors began to flex their muscles in the property market. As a result the first time buyers suffered and began to find it increasingly difficult to enter the housing market. Traditionally first time buyers bought properties towards the lower end of the property ladder. It was these properties that the investors were driven to secure with the aim to rent. The demand for these rental properties was fuelled by the increase in numbers of immigrants entering the country that were not looking to buy properties but to rent properties. This increase in demand for property led to a number of housing agencies to issue warnings that demand for housing would continue to increase and continue to inflate housing prices in the market in Ireland. The first Bacon report proposed interventions by the government to help first time buyers who were at this stage, struggling to get into the inflated property market. The report recommended that the government should strive for a more acceptable rate of house price development and suggested four main areas to focus on for a policy response. These areas are as follows; Achieve better balance between demand and supply in the short term, improve the potential supply of the housing, engage in infrastructure developments and to improve medium and long term planning of the development of the east region. The Bacon report goes on to suggest a rebalancing of existing incentives in favour of the provision of housing at the lower end of the property market. The report highlights that the revenue has overlooked the provision of incentives for providing affordable housing. The report suggests revenue incentives, as a method to increase availability and choice to first time buyers who were struggling to enter the property market. The removal of what was defined as Section 23 incentives for investors and the removal of mortgage interest relief against properties were suggested. A reduction of stamp duty on second hand homes was proposed to increase the scope of available affordable homes in the second hand market. The report suggested a review of residential densities and investment in infrastructure as necessary to help maximise housing supply. The report went on to suggest the idea of introducing an administrative control on housing prices. This idea was later discarded as it was thought that the control of house prices would have the potential to distort the property market. 2.4.2 Government Response to Bacon 1 The government responded to Bacon 1 by decreasing stamp duty rates on second hand houses and also by investing in the improvement of the infrastructure to help realise the potential of development land. The government imposed stamp duty on new houses bought by non owner occupiers. Tax relief for property investors on Section 23 properties was reviewed and the suitability of each property for relief is to be individually assessed subject to the Local Area Plan. Deductibility of interest on borrowings undertaken for investment in property was removed after April 23rd 1998. Action was also taken in the effort to bring down income limits for the shared ownership scheme to a level that was more relevant to the incomes at the time. 2.4.3 Bacon Report 2: The Housing Market, an Economic Review and Assessment The Bacon Report 2 was published after the Government responded to the first Bacon report. This report centres largely on the period directly after the first Bacon Report and observes the impact of the report by assessing the property market during this time. The Report finds that house inflation had slowed since the Governments actions following the first Bacon Report. This slow down was particularly apparent in the market for new housing. Following the first report, the Government removed the deductibility of interest on borrowings for investors while promoting liquidity in the second hand market by changing the structure of the stamp duty system. This Report found that the reduction in interest rates at the time and the easing house price inflation should have made housing more affordable, but in fact affordability remained a serious problem. The Report did warn that a reduction in housing prices may solve the issue of affordability but negative equity would be serious bye-product. The Report made it clear to the Government that they had to centre on filling the void between the price of new houses and the price that was affordable for those who could not afford to buy a new house at the normal asking price. The Report suggested again as it did in the first Bacon Report, that the issue of housing densities should be reviewed, with the possible integration of terraced housing in new developments as a method of providing housing at a lower cost to the developer. The Report did raise the issue of social isolation due to this form of housing. The Bacon Report 2 introduced a concept to develop a scheme for the provision of affordable housing by local authorities and developers. This was the first instance that laid the foundations of the affordable homes scheme. The need to strengthen the existing Planning Acts was highlighted with the objective of modernising the Governments housing policy. The concept of making housing more affordable and improving accessibility to mortgage funding would further increase demand for housing and therefore increase housing prices. As a result the Report suggested to the Minister for the Environment and Local Government to invite proposals from agencies within the voluntary sector as how they could be helped to develop and also how their resources could be applied in a more effective manner with the aim of providing extra housing for the sectors of the community most in need. 2.4.4 Government Response to Bacon 2 On the 9th of March 1999 issued a report titled, Action on the Housing Market. This report contained the Governments response to the 2nd Bacon Report. This report contained initiatives which aimed to maximise and expedite housing supply, secure house price stabilisation, address affordability issues and ensure balanced growth of the property market in the future, (Action on the Housing Market, 1999). Their actions included placing temporary sewerage facilities on land in Dublin to enable the early release of 16000 housing sites. Arrangements were made to identify infrastructural constraints in areas of growth which would reduce delay in housing provision. Draft guidelines for new housing densities were published. These included action on increasing the mix of affordable housing in new developments. An affordable housing scheme was launched shortly before the release of the government response. Through this scheme Local Authorities would provide additional new houses on land available to them which would help lower income households to purchase their own homes. It was stated that the Department of the Environment and Local Government would invite proposals from the voluntary housing sector as to how to expand on the voluntary housing programme. 2.4.5 Bacon Report 3: The Housing Market in Ireland: An Economic Evaluation of Trends Prospects The third Bacon Report was released on the 6th of June 2000. The first point of Bacon 3s executive summary stated that the rate of increase in housing prices, since the release of the first Bacon Report in 1998 had slowed down significantly. The strengthening economy at the time was blamed for the increased difficulty in securing stability in the housing market. House price completions had increased in each successive quarter in 1999. The average price of new houses was still beyond the reach of many average workers. The rate of economic growth at the time meant potential demand for additional 8.000 to 10,000 residential units per annum. The requirement for increased supply in Dublin and the Middle East regions was stressed as increasingly important to control house prices due to the predicted increase in demand in that area. 2.4.6 Government Response to Bacon3 The Government released a report detailing measures which it would take to address housing needs and requirements, as outlined in the third Bacon Report. With regard to Social and Affordable housing, the Government stated that they would increase output of local authority housing that would start at 1,000 units per annum between 2001 and 2006. The Government also proposed measures that would aim to facilitate Local Authorities and Voluntary Bodies to acquire sufficient land that they could provide social and affordable housing. 2.5 Demands for Irish Housing According to Norris and Redmond (2005), there have been significant increases in the demand for housing in Ireland during the economic boom, caused by a combination of economic, demographic and social factors. As mentioned in 2.4.1, the Governments taxation policy was favourable to property investors, particularly during the period following the 1986 Urban Renewal Act which initiated Section 23 Tax Relief. The annual housing inflation rate in 1998 was at 22.5%. At the time this rate of inflation showed no signs of slowing down. The First Bacon Report summarised in 2.4.1, estimated high levels of future demand for Irish housing. The Second Bacon Report pointed to rising rents in the private rented sector. Social rented housing output was not increasing and in 1999 the local authority assessment of housing need showed that 39,716 households were registered on local authority waiting lists, this was an increase of 43% on the previous assessment of housing need which was complied in 1996 , Brooke (2006). The first affordable housing scheme was introduced in March 1999. This scheme provided only 40 affordable houses that year. Part V of the Planning and Development Bill 1999 was structured to address these issues. The Minister for the Environment, Mr Noel Dempsey stated that Part V addressed two major issues in the Irish Housing Policy that allowed people to purchase their own homes and also of the provision of social rented housing. According Mr Noel Dempsey (2000), Part V of the Bill, introduces a major new dimension to planning legislation and contains the most radical and probably the most contentious provisions of the Bill. 2.6 Most Notable Legislation in Relation to Irish Housing Provision The following is an account of some of the Legislation that is considered most important in relation to Social and Affordable Housing. 2.6.1 Housing Act 1966 This Act modernised the legal framework for social housing in Ireland. Is also included the provision for the tenant purchase scheme which allowed local authority tenants to purchase their houses form the local authority. Section 55 of this act relates to a house building programme which each local authority must adhere to in relation to the provision of housing. 2.6.2 Housing Act 1988 This act defined how homelessness would be interpreted in relation to the provision of housing. It allowed the provision of a subsidy to eligible persons against the loans which they had obtained for the purchase or construction of their house. It required local authorities to make an estimation of housing requirements within their functional area both at the present time and over a designated period of time. 2.6.3 Housing Act 1992 This act introduced the Shared Ownership Scheme which allowed a housing authority to grant a shared ownership lease for a term of more than 20 years but not less than 100 years. 2.6.4 The Planning and Development Bill 1999 According to the House of the Oireachtas, the Planning and Development Bill 1999 is to revise and consolidate the law relating to planning and development by repealing and re-enacting with amendments the local government (planning and development) acts, 1963 to 1999; to provide, in the interests of the common good, for proper planning and sustainable development including the provision of housing. 2.6.5 Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000 Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000 dealt with housing supply and it came into effect on 1 November 2000. The primary objective behind the introduction of Part V was to obtain land for housing purposes, however the legislation also aimed to improve integration between different social groups by introducing social and affordable housing into private housing estates. The legislation has been the subject of controversy since its inception. Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000 was resisted by the Construction Industry Federation and the Home Builders Association. These two groups were the primary objectors of the legislation and claimed that Part V would result in a reduction in supply of new private housing, that will increase second hand prices and the buyers of new houses will subsidise the affordable and social housing being expropriated from the industry Norris, M (1999). Part V of the Act did have supporters that described the Act as a landmark step that woul d modernise the planning system in Ireland, improve housing delivery and help reduce undue social segregation in new housing developments. It represents a community and planning gain or return against the windfall profits arising from the development of land Brooke (2006). Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000 requires that housing strategies be drawn up by planning authorities and integrated into their development plans. Each housing strategy should have regard to the proper planning and sustainable development of an area and should be concerned with the overall supply of housing within the planning authority. In addition, the Act makes communities needs for social and affordable housing a material planning consideration which must be taken account of in formulating development plan policies, preparing a housing strategy and deciding on planning applications or appeals. The Act places a statutory obligation on planning authorities to ensure that sufficient land is zoned for housing in their development plans to meet the projected housing requirements over the plan period and to ensure that an undue shortage will not arise, The Planning and Development Act (2000 p.1.). Most importantly the Act empowers a local authority to attach a condition on a planning permission on land zoned as residential, a requirement for developers to supply up to 20% of the land for social and affordable housing. This requirement was set down in the act with the objective to create all new residential developments that will have a proportion of social and affordable housing contained in within it. The provision of social and affordable housing under Part V only applied to developments that were over 0.1 Hectares in size and contained more than 5 units. Part V only applied to planning applications for permission on land zoned as residential use. This requirement was considered a major flaw as it allowed developers to avail of a loop hole of which they could use to avoid the social and affordable housing requirements set out in Part V. This was particularly apparent on Co. Leithrim, where the town of Carrick-On-Shannon was the only area in the county where zoning provisions where present. Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000 was commenced on the 1st of November 2000. By the 31st of July 2001 all of the local authorities had amended their development plans and had completed new housing strategies that allowed for the new requirements contained in the Act. 2.6.6 The Planning and Development Amendment Act 2002 This Act allowed developers a greater choice with the provision of social and affordable housing. The Act enabled developers to provide land, sites or housing as an alternative to providing social and affordable housing in each development. The alternatives did however have to be contained within the remit of that planning authority. The developer was allowed another alternative to this requirement under the Act, the developer is allowed to pay the local authority a sum of money equivalent in value to the transfer of the land. This amendment of the Planning and Development Act 2000 is considered by many as a weakening or a cop out to the developers. One of the primary aims of the original Act was to counteract social segregation but now this responsibility is effectively left in the hands of the developer. 2.7 Government Intervention in Irish Housing Provision The following are the most important examples of Government interventions in relation to the Irish housing market. 2.7.1 Local Authority House Building Scheme The 1966 Housing Act places an obligation on local authorities to provide housing for those who cannot afford appropriate housing for themselves. Redmond, D. and Norris, M.(2005)state that 300,000 housing units have been provided to date, since the introduction of the Local Authority House Building Scheme. 2.7.2 House Purchase Loan Scheme The House Purchase Loan Scheme was introduced for those who have had an unsuccessful loan application with a building society, bank or any other lending institution to build or to buy a residential property. This scheme gave a person an alternative option as to avail of a local authority loan. To receive this loan the applicant must not exceed an income of  £40,000 as a single income household or  £100,000 as a dual income household and must have been refused a loan by a bank or building society. 2.7.3 Tenant Purchase Scheme The Tenant Purchase Scheme was introduced under Section 90 of the 1966 Housing Act. Section 90 allowed a local authority to sell on a social house to the tenant. The Act also allowed a local authority to sell a vacant house to whomever they deemed suitable, once the prospective purchaser is in need of housing. 2.7.4 1999 Affordable Housing Scheme The affordable housing scheme was introduce in March 1999. Under this scheme a person can purchase a house from a local authority at a reduced rate to the normal market price. The price of the house is subsidised by the Department of the Environment at  £50,000 per house in the Dublin local authorities and all city councils and at  £31800 for all other local authorities. 2.7.5 Affordable Housing Provided Under Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000 As summarised in detail above in section 2.6.5, Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000 empowers a local authority to obtain up to 20% of land zoned for residential use at a reduced rate from a developer to provide social and affordable housing. 2.7.6 Capital Assistance Scheme According to the Department of the Environment (2010), the Capital Assistance Scheme enables voluntary housing bodies to provide accommodation to meet housing needs in special areas, such as of people with disabilities, elderly, homelessness, emigrants or small families. 2.7.7 Capital Loan and Subsidy Scheme The Capital Loan and Subsidy Schemes enable voluntary bodies with the means to provide rental housing for low income families. 2.8 Conclusion Government policy has led to both a high owner occupier rate of housing in Ireland and also high house prices. The aims of the Irish Housing Policy has been greatly affected by government polices. Housing had become less affordable due to previous incentives which encouraged investment and speculation in the market. It was not until the 1990s when the issue of housing affordability arose. This led to the commission of the Bacon Reports on housing in Ireland. The issue of Social and Affordable housing provision in Ireland became more important during the property boom due to rising prices. This looked to have been on its way to rectification in the Planning and Development Act 2000 which brought about a sense of coordination in housing provision. However the potential of Part V of the Planning and Development Act 2000 as a mechanism for ensuring sustainable provision of Social and Affordable Housing without social segregation was greatly depleted with the introduction of the Amendment Act in 2002, which provided too many options for compliance by developers. In the current market downturn, affordable housing in its current guise has arguably lost importance in comparison to social housing due to values of all property falling. Therefore updated legislation in relation to Part V is necessary to rectify the current weakening housing policy. REFERENCES: Norris, M. (1999) Mixed-Tenure Housing Estates: Development, Design, Management and Outcomes. Dublin, The Housing Unit. Dempsey, N. (2000) Planning and Development Bill 2000, second stage, 2nd February, Dà ¡il Éireann, available: http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0513/D.0513.200002020018.html [accessed 23 February 2010]. Brooke, S. (2006) Building for inclusion? : Housing output and part V of the Irish Planning and Development system. Dublin. Focus Ireland. Bacon, P and Mac Cabe, F. (1998) Bacon Report 1: An Economic Assessment of Recent House Price Developments. Dublin, Stationary Office, Minister for Housing and Urban Renewal. Bacon, P and Mac Cabe, F. (1999) Bacon Report 2: The Housing Market an Economic Review and Assessment. Dublin, Stationary Office, Minister fo